Thursday, December 30, 2010
Khartoum - Battle in the Desert
Still one of my favorite movies. I particularly like the introduction.
Wednesday, December 29, 2010
Monday, November 29, 2010
Sunday, November 28, 2010
Friday, November 26, 2010
Saturday, November 20, 2010
Thursday, November 11, 2010
The Victoria Cross
The Victoria Cross – It's British History
The Victoria Cross is the highest gallenatry medal given to the British and Commonwealth Armed Forces. Mr. Charles Davis Lucas was the first recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1857. The bravery of the soldiers is second to non.
The Chinese call Britain 'The Island of Hero's' which I think sums up what we British are all about. We British are inquisitive and competitive and are always looking over the horizon to the next adventure and discovery.
The idea of the Victoria Cross had been sufficiently aroused by Prince Albert and Queen Victoria and Lord Panmure, the new Secretary of State for War, continued to correspond with Prince Albert on the subject. Queen Victoria herself was actively involved in the proposals. On the original draft warrant it had already been decided that the award should carry her name. The Civil Service proposed that the award should be called 'the Military Order of Victoria', Prince Albert thought that this was rather long-winded and on making pencil alterations to the draft document scored through the word Order and suggested instead 'the Victoria Cross'. Queen Victoria showed a lot of interest especially in the design of the Cross. From the original drawings that were submitted to her, the Queen selected one that was closely modelled on an existing campaign medal, the Army Gold Cross from the Peninsular War.
Queen Victoria suggested that the Cross should be 'a little smaller'. The Queen also made a significant alteration to the motto, scoring out 'for the brave' and replacing it with 'for valour', in case anyone should come to the conclusion that the only brave men in a battle were those who won the cross. Hancock's of Bruton Street, London, jewellers who had a high reputation for silver work received the commission from Lord Panmure for the new medal. It had already been decided that the new decoration would be made of base metal. The first proof that Queen Victoria received was not at all to her taste. 'The Cross looks very well in form, but the metal is ugly; it is copper and not bronze and will look very heavy on a red coat'.
An unknown person perhaps inspired by Queen Victoria's remarks made the suggestion that it would be fitting to take the bronze for the new medals from Russian guns captured in the Crimea. Two 18-pounders were placed at the disposal of an engineer who was sent off to Woolwich Barracks. The two 18-pounder guns were clearly of an antique design and were found to be inscribed with very un-Russian characters. Many years had passed before it was pointed out that the 'VC guns' were in fact Chinese and not Russian as was first thought, and may or may not have been anywhere near the Crimea. The dies which Hancock's used began to crack up, this was as a result of the Chinese gunmetal being so hard. It was therefore decided to cast the medals instead, this fortunately turned out to be a lucky chance as it resulted in higher relief and more depth in the moulding than would have been possible with a die-stamped medal.
It was not until the 29th January 1856 when a Royal Warrant was finally signed instituting the Victoria Cross. Queen Victoria had made it plain to Lord Panmure that she herself wished to bestow her new award on as many of the recipients as possible. The Queen decided that the 26th June 1857 was a suitable date and that a grand parade was to be laid on in Hyde Park and that she would 'herself' attend on horseback. Preparations for the great day were made, the final list of recipients being published in the London Gazette on the 22nd June 1857. Hancock's the jewellers had to work around the clock to engrave the names of the recipients on the Crosses. Those who were to receive the award from the Queen had somehow to be found and then rushed to London, together with detachments of the units in which they had served. Some of the recipients were not in uniform for the ceremony, this was as a result of them having left the services. Regardless, the Queen herself was well satisfied with the arrangements. Public interest in the ceremony on the 26th was intense. At an early hour crowds of well dressed sightseers swarmed into Hyde Park, where a vast amphitheatre of seats, capable of accomodating 12,000 persons had been erected. In the centre stood a simple table, on which were laid the bronze Maltese crosses, their red and blue ribbons being the only patches of colour that caught the eye. In front, a body of 4,000 troops, consisting of the corps d'elite of the army - Guards, Highlanders, Royal Marines, the Rifle Brigade, Enniskillens, and Hussars, Artillery and Engineers - was drawn up. Between them and the Royal Pavilion stood the small group of heroes-sixty-two in number-who were to be decorated. At 10 a.m. the Queen, the Prince Consort, Prince Frederick William of Prussia, and a brilliant train, rode into the Park. The Queen, mounted on a gallant and spirited roan, and wearing a scarlet jacket, black shirt, and plumed hat, rode up to the table, but did not dismount. One by one each hero was summoned to her presence, and bending from her saddle, her Majesty pinned the Cross on his breast with her own hands, whilst the Prince Consort saluted him with grave and respectful courtesy. As each soldier or sailor was decorated, the vast concourse of spectators cheered and clapped their hands. Whether he were an officer whose breast was already glittering with stars and orders, or a humble private or Jack Tar whose rough tunic carried no more resplendent embellishment than the ordinary war medal. But of all the cheers none were heartier than those which were given for a man who, when called out, stepped forward arrayed in what was then the grotesque and pacific garb of an ordinary policeman.
Since the Victoria Cross was created the medal has been awarded 1,356 times to 1,353 individual recipients. Only 13 medals, nine to the British Army and four to the Australian Army have been awarded since the start of the Korean War. The first ceremony was held on 26 June 1857 where Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park. Charles Davis Lucas was the first recipient.
Please visit my Funny Animal Art Prints Collection @ http://www.fabprints.com
My other website is called Directory of British Icons: http://fabprints.webs.com
The Chinese call Britain 'The Island of Hero's' which I think sums up what we British are all about. We British are inquisitive and competitive and are always looking over the horizon to the next adventure and discovery.
Copyright © 2010 Paul Hussey. All Rights Reserved.
About the Author
My family tree has been traced back to the early Kings of England from the 7th Century AD. I am also a direct descendent of Sir Christopher Wren which has given me an interest in English History which is great fun to research.
I have recently decided to write articles on my favourite subjects: English Sports, English History, English Icons, English Discoveries and English Inventions. At present I have written over 100 articles which I call "An Englishman's Favourite Bits Of England" in various Volumes. Please visit my Blogs page http://Bloggs.Resourcez.Com where I have listed all my articles to date.
Copyright © 2010 Paul Hussey. All Rights Reserved.
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ - The Victoria Cross – It's British History
The Victoria Cross is the highest gallenatry medal given to the British and Commonwealth Armed Forces. Mr. Charles Davis Lucas was the first recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1857. The bravery of the soldiers is second to non.
The Chinese call Britain 'The Island of Hero's' which I think sums up what we British are all about. We British are inquisitive and competitive and are always looking over the horizon to the next adventure and discovery.
The idea of the Victoria Cross had been sufficiently aroused by Prince Albert and Queen Victoria and Lord Panmure, the new Secretary of State for War, continued to correspond with Prince Albert on the subject. Queen Victoria herself was actively involved in the proposals. On the original draft warrant it had already been decided that the award should carry her name. The Civil Service proposed that the award should be called 'the Military Order of Victoria', Prince Albert thought that this was rather long-winded and on making pencil alterations to the draft document scored through the word Order and suggested instead 'the Victoria Cross'. Queen Victoria showed a lot of interest especially in the design of the Cross. From the original drawings that were submitted to her, the Queen selected one that was closely modelled on an existing campaign medal, the Army Gold Cross from the Peninsular War.
Queen Victoria suggested that the Cross should be 'a little smaller'. The Queen also made a significant alteration to the motto, scoring out 'for the brave' and replacing it with 'for valour', in case anyone should come to the conclusion that the only brave men in a battle were those who won the cross. Hancock's of Bruton Street, London, jewellers who had a high reputation for silver work received the commission from Lord Panmure for the new medal. It had already been decided that the new decoration would be made of base metal. The first proof that Queen Victoria received was not at all to her taste. 'The Cross looks very well in form, but the metal is ugly; it is copper and not bronze and will look very heavy on a red coat'.
An unknown person perhaps inspired by Queen Victoria's remarks made the suggestion that it would be fitting to take the bronze for the new medals from Russian guns captured in the Crimea. Two 18-pounders were placed at the disposal of an engineer who was sent off to Woolwich Barracks. The two 18-pounder guns were clearly of an antique design and were found to be inscribed with very un-Russian characters. Many years had passed before it was pointed out that the 'VC guns' were in fact Chinese and not Russian as was first thought, and may or may not have been anywhere near the Crimea. The dies which Hancock's used began to crack up, this was as a result of the Chinese gunmetal being so hard. It was therefore decided to cast the medals instead, this fortunately turned out to be a lucky chance as it resulted in higher relief and more depth in the moulding than would have been possible with a die-stamped medal.
It was not until the 29th January 1856 when a Royal Warrant was finally signed instituting the Victoria Cross. Queen Victoria had made it plain to Lord Panmure that she herself wished to bestow her new award on as many of the recipients as possible. The Queen decided that the 26th June 1857 was a suitable date and that a grand parade was to be laid on in Hyde Park and that she would 'herself' attend on horseback. Preparations for the great day were made, the final list of recipients being published in the London Gazette on the 22nd June 1857. Hancock's the jewellers had to work around the clock to engrave the names of the recipients on the Crosses. Those who were to receive the award from the Queen had somehow to be found and then rushed to London, together with detachments of the units in which they had served. Some of the recipients were not in uniform for the ceremony, this was as a result of them having left the services. Regardless, the Queen herself was well satisfied with the arrangements. Public interest in the ceremony on the 26th was intense. At an early hour crowds of well dressed sightseers swarmed into Hyde Park, where a vast amphitheatre of seats, capable of accomodating 12,000 persons had been erected. In the centre stood a simple table, on which were laid the bronze Maltese crosses, their red and blue ribbons being the only patches of colour that caught the eye. In front, a body of 4,000 troops, consisting of the corps d'elite of the army - Guards, Highlanders, Royal Marines, the Rifle Brigade, Enniskillens, and Hussars, Artillery and Engineers - was drawn up. Between them and the Royal Pavilion stood the small group of heroes-sixty-two in number-who were to be decorated. At 10 a.m. the Queen, the Prince Consort, Prince Frederick William of Prussia, and a brilliant train, rode into the Park. The Queen, mounted on a gallant and spirited roan, and wearing a scarlet jacket, black shirt, and plumed hat, rode up to the table, but did not dismount. One by one each hero was summoned to her presence, and bending from her saddle, her Majesty pinned the Cross on his breast with her own hands, whilst the Prince Consort saluted him with grave and respectful courtesy. As each soldier or sailor was decorated, the vast concourse of spectators cheered and clapped their hands. Whether he were an officer whose breast was already glittering with stars and orders, or a humble private or Jack Tar whose rough tunic carried no more resplendent embellishment than the ordinary war medal. But of all the cheers none were heartier than those which were given for a man who, when called out, stepped forward arrayed in what was then the grotesque and pacific garb of an ordinary policeman.
Since the Victoria Cross was created the medal has been awarded 1,356 times to 1,353 individual recipients. Only 13 medals, nine to the British Army and four to the Australian Army have been awarded since the start of the Korean War. The first ceremony was held on 26 June 1857 where Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park. Charles Davis Lucas was the first recipient.
The Victoria Cross is the highest gallenatry medal given to the British and Commonwealth Armed Forces. Mr. Charles Davis Lucas was the first recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1857. The bravery of the soldiers is second to non.
The Chinese call Britain 'The Island of Hero's' which I think sums up what we British are all about. We British are inquisitive and competitive and are always looking over the horizon to the next adventure and discovery.
The idea of the Victoria Cross had been sufficiently aroused by Prince Albert and Queen Victoria and Lord Panmure, the new Secretary of State for War, continued to correspond with Prince Albert on the subject. Queen Victoria herself was actively involved in the proposals. On the original draft warrant it had already been decided that the award should carry her name. The Civil Service proposed that the award should be called 'the Military Order of Victoria', Prince Albert thought that this was rather long-winded and on making pencil alterations to the draft document scored through the word Order and suggested instead 'the Victoria Cross'. Queen Victoria showed a lot of interest especially in the design of the Cross. From the original drawings that were submitted to her, the Queen selected one that was closely modelled on an existing campaign medal, the Army Gold Cross from the Peninsular War.
Queen Victoria suggested that the Cross should be 'a little smaller'. The Queen also made a significant alteration to the motto, scoring out 'for the brave' and replacing it with 'for valour', in case anyone should come to the conclusion that the only brave men in a battle were those who won the cross. Hancock's of Bruton Street, London, jewellers who had a high reputation for silver work received the commission from Lord Panmure for the new medal. It had already been decided that the new decoration would be made of base metal. The first proof that Queen Victoria received was not at all to her taste. 'The Cross looks very well in form, but the metal is ugly; it is copper and not bronze and will look very heavy on a red coat'.
An unknown person perhaps inspired by Queen Victoria's remarks made the suggestion that it would be fitting to take the bronze for the new medals from Russian guns captured in the Crimea. Two 18-pounders were placed at the disposal of an engineer who was sent off to Woolwich Barracks. The two 18-pounder guns were clearly of an antique design and were found to be inscribed with very un-Russian characters. Many years had passed before it was pointed out that the 'VC guns' were in fact Chinese and not Russian as was first thought, and may or may not have been anywhere near the Crimea. The dies which Hancock's used began to crack up, this was as a result of the Chinese gunmetal being so hard. It was therefore decided to cast the medals instead, this fortunately turned out to be a lucky chance as it resulted in higher relief and more depth in the moulding than would have been possible with a die-stamped medal.
It was not until the 29th January 1856 when a Royal Warrant was finally signed instituting the Victoria Cross. Queen Victoria had made it plain to Lord Panmure that she herself wished to bestow her new award on as many of the recipients as possible. The Queen decided that the 26th June 1857 was a suitable date and that a grand parade was to be laid on in Hyde Park and that she would 'herself' attend on horseback. Preparations for the great day were made, the final list of recipients being published in the London Gazette on the 22nd June 1857. Hancock's the jewellers had to work around the clock to engrave the names of the recipients on the Crosses. Those who were to receive the award from the Queen had somehow to be found and then rushed to London, together with detachments of the units in which they had served. Some of the recipients were not in uniform for the ceremony, this was as a result of them having left the services. Regardless, the Queen herself was well satisfied with the arrangements. Public interest in the ceremony on the 26th was intense. At an early hour crowds of well dressed sightseers swarmed into Hyde Park, where a vast amphitheatre of seats, capable of accomodating 12,000 persons had been erected. In the centre stood a simple table, on which were laid the bronze Maltese crosses, their red and blue ribbons being the only patches of colour that caught the eye. In front, a body of 4,000 troops, consisting of the corps d'elite of the army - Guards, Highlanders, Royal Marines, the Rifle Brigade, Enniskillens, and Hussars, Artillery and Engineers - was drawn up. Between them and the Royal Pavilion stood the small group of heroes-sixty-two in number-who were to be decorated. At 10 a.m. the Queen, the Prince Consort, Prince Frederick William of Prussia, and a brilliant train, rode into the Park. The Queen, mounted on a gallant and spirited roan, and wearing a scarlet jacket, black shirt, and plumed hat, rode up to the table, but did not dismount. One by one each hero was summoned to her presence, and bending from her saddle, her Majesty pinned the Cross on his breast with her own hands, whilst the Prince Consort saluted him with grave and respectful courtesy. As each soldier or sailor was decorated, the vast concourse of spectators cheered and clapped their hands. Whether he were an officer whose breast was already glittering with stars and orders, or a humble private or Jack Tar whose rough tunic carried no more resplendent embellishment than the ordinary war medal. But of all the cheers none were heartier than those which were given for a man who, when called out, stepped forward arrayed in what was then the grotesque and pacific garb of an ordinary policeman.
Since the Victoria Cross was created the medal has been awarded 1,356 times to 1,353 individual recipients. Only 13 medals, nine to the British Army and four to the Australian Army have been awarded since the start of the Korean War. The first ceremony was held on 26 June 1857 where Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park. Charles Davis Lucas was the first recipient.
Please visit my Funny Animal Art Prints Collection @ http://www.fabprints.com
My other website is called Directory of British Icons: http://fabprints.webs.com
The Chinese call Britain 'The Island of Hero's' which I think sums up what we British are all about. We British are inquisitive and competitive and are always looking over the horizon to the next adventure and discovery.
Copyright © 2010 Paul Hussey. All Rights Reserved.
About the Author
My family tree has been traced back to the early Kings of England from the 7th Century AD. I am also a direct descendent of Sir Christopher Wren which has given me an interest in English History which is great fun to research.
I have recently decided to write articles on my favourite subjects: English Sports, English History, English Icons, English Discoveries and English Inventions. At present I have written over 100 articles which I call "An Englishman's Favourite Bits Of England" in various Volumes. Please visit my Blogs page http://Bloggs.Resourcez.Com where I have listed all my articles to date.
Copyright © 2010 Paul Hussey. All Rights Reserved.
(ArticlesBase SC #2616860)
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ - The Victoria Cross – It's British History
The Victoria Cross is the highest gallenatry medal given to the British and Commonwealth Armed Forces. Mr. Charles Davis Lucas was the first recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1857. The bravery of the soldiers is second to non.
The Chinese call Britain 'The Island of Hero's' which I think sums up what we British are all about. We British are inquisitive and competitive and are always looking over the horizon to the next adventure and discovery.
The idea of the Victoria Cross had been sufficiently aroused by Prince Albert and Queen Victoria and Lord Panmure, the new Secretary of State for War, continued to correspond with Prince Albert on the subject. Queen Victoria herself was actively involved in the proposals. On the original draft warrant it had already been decided that the award should carry her name. The Civil Service proposed that the award should be called 'the Military Order of Victoria', Prince Albert thought that this was rather long-winded and on making pencil alterations to the draft document scored through the word Order and suggested instead 'the Victoria Cross'. Queen Victoria showed a lot of interest especially in the design of the Cross. From the original drawings that were submitted to her, the Queen selected one that was closely modelled on an existing campaign medal, the Army Gold Cross from the Peninsular War.
Queen Victoria suggested that the Cross should be 'a little smaller'. The Queen also made a significant alteration to the motto, scoring out 'for the brave' and replacing it with 'for valour', in case anyone should come to the conclusion that the only brave men in a battle were those who won the cross. Hancock's of Bruton Street, London, jewellers who had a high reputation for silver work received the commission from Lord Panmure for the new medal. It had already been decided that the new decoration would be made of base metal. The first proof that Queen Victoria received was not at all to her taste. 'The Cross looks very well in form, but the metal is ugly; it is copper and not bronze and will look very heavy on a red coat'.
An unknown person perhaps inspired by Queen Victoria's remarks made the suggestion that it would be fitting to take the bronze for the new medals from Russian guns captured in the Crimea. Two 18-pounders were placed at the disposal of an engineer who was sent off to Woolwich Barracks. The two 18-pounder guns were clearly of an antique design and were found to be inscribed with very un-Russian characters. Many years had passed before it was pointed out that the 'VC guns' were in fact Chinese and not Russian as was first thought, and may or may not have been anywhere near the Crimea. The dies which Hancock's used began to crack up, this was as a result of the Chinese gunmetal being so hard. It was therefore decided to cast the medals instead, this fortunately turned out to be a lucky chance as it resulted in higher relief and more depth in the moulding than would have been possible with a die-stamped medal.
It was not until the 29th January 1856 when a Royal Warrant was finally signed instituting the Victoria Cross. Queen Victoria had made it plain to Lord Panmure that she herself wished to bestow her new award on as many of the recipients as possible. The Queen decided that the 26th June 1857 was a suitable date and that a grand parade was to be laid on in Hyde Park and that she would 'herself' attend on horseback. Preparations for the great day were made, the final list of recipients being published in the London Gazette on the 22nd June 1857. Hancock's the jewellers had to work around the clock to engrave the names of the recipients on the Crosses. Those who were to receive the award from the Queen had somehow to be found and then rushed to London, together with detachments of the units in which they had served. Some of the recipients were not in uniform for the ceremony, this was as a result of them having left the services. Regardless, the Queen herself was well satisfied with the arrangements. Public interest in the ceremony on the 26th was intense. At an early hour crowds of well dressed sightseers swarmed into Hyde Park, where a vast amphitheatre of seats, capable of accomodating 12,000 persons had been erected. In the centre stood a simple table, on which were laid the bronze Maltese crosses, their red and blue ribbons being the only patches of colour that caught the eye. In front, a body of 4,000 troops, consisting of the corps d'elite of the army - Guards, Highlanders, Royal Marines, the Rifle Brigade, Enniskillens, and Hussars, Artillery and Engineers - was drawn up. Between them and the Royal Pavilion stood the small group of heroes-sixty-two in number-who were to be decorated. At 10 a.m. the Queen, the Prince Consort, Prince Frederick William of Prussia, and a brilliant train, rode into the Park. The Queen, mounted on a gallant and spirited roan, and wearing a scarlet jacket, black shirt, and plumed hat, rode up to the table, but did not dismount. One by one each hero was summoned to her presence, and bending from her saddle, her Majesty pinned the Cross on his breast with her own hands, whilst the Prince Consort saluted him with grave and respectful courtesy. As each soldier or sailor was decorated, the vast concourse of spectators cheered and clapped their hands. Whether he were an officer whose breast was already glittering with stars and orders, or a humble private or Jack Tar whose rough tunic carried no more resplendent embellishment than the ordinary war medal. But of all the cheers none were heartier than those which were given for a man who, when called out, stepped forward arrayed in what was then the grotesque and pacific garb of an ordinary policeman.
Since the Victoria Cross was created the medal has been awarded 1,356 times to 1,353 individual recipients. Only 13 medals, nine to the British Army and four to the Australian Army have been awarded since the start of the Korean War. The first ceremony was held on 26 June 1857 where Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park. Charles Davis Lucas was the first recipient.
Tuesday, November 9, 2010
Saturday, November 6, 2010
Fury in Italy: Garibaldi’s Campaign in Italy 1860-62
By Brian Bradford
The following is an adaptation of the Fire and Furia Francese variant by Nick Dorrell for the Garibaldi campaign in Italy from 1860-62. You will need a copy of the basic Fire and Fury rule set and Fire and Furia Francese in order to use this variant. F&FF may be found in Wargames Illustrated no. 119.
The organization presented in this variant utilizes my modifications for cavalry sizes. Please see the end of this variant for details on this change.
ARMIES OF THE WAR
Garibaldist
Weapons: Early in the conflict most of Garibaldi’s troops were armed with obsolete smoothbore muskets. However, with the conquests of Garibaldi and military backing by Piedmont, the Garibaldi troops were soon armed with a variety of muzzle loading rifled muskets. These are all classed as MLR. Still, there were some units, particularly the National Guards and Sicilian volunteers, who still carried smoothbore muskets.
What little cavalry there was in the Garibaldi force was armed with pistols and carbines and may not dismount.
There was also very little artillery in the Garibaldi force. What artillery there was consisted of obsolete smoothbore pieces and captured enemy guns. There was, however, one battery of Whitworth guns that was brought by D. Dowling. In F&FF class all guns as smoothbore (SA), while the single Whitworth battery is breechloading (BLA).
Tactical Doctrine: Garibaldi had several battalions of light troops. These troops may use skirmish tactics. Brigades that have skirmishing ability have been noted in the organization below along with how many stands possible in parenthesis. If a brigade sends out skirmishers it will deduct the number shown from the rest of the unit. They still count for their brigade’s effectiveness. In addition, these stands are increased by 50% of the total while skirmishing (units with only a single stand get two).
The rest of the army was influenced by the Piedmont tactical system and receive a +1 for assault tactics in attack column. All Garibaldi troops are impetuous when within command range of Garibaldi.
Troop Quality: The army as a whole should be counted as green, with some volunteers and National Guards being classed as levy and the initial 1,000 red shirts, cavalry, and Genoese Carbineers being classed as veteran.
Leadership: Garibaldi is rated as an exceptional army commander. Medici should be rated as an exceptional division commander. There are a few excellent brigade commanders, such as Rustow and Dunne, with the majority being average. There should be no poor leaders.
Organization: The following organization is for the later stages of the war. Two scales are provided. The first value is for the 1:200 (133 for cavalry) scale and the second is for the 1:300 (200 for cavalry) scale. Due to the smaller numbers involved in this conflict I recommend that a 1:200 scale ratio be used. The units here represent brigades. The cavalry has been amalgamated for simplicity.
Army HQ: 1 Leader (Garibaldi)
4 Infantry Divisions each:
1 Leader
2 – 5 Infantry Brigades (see below)
1 Foot Battery
1 Cavalry unit of 2 stands / 1 or 2 stands (see notes)
Brigades
15th Division
Sacchi: 10 stands / 7 stands LN
Milano: 6 stands (1 may skirmish) / 4 stands (1) LN
Eber: 15 stands (2 may skirmish) / 10 stands (2) LN
Assanti: 13 stands (2 may skirmish) / 9 stands (2) LN
16th Division
Milbitz: 15 stands / 10 stands LN/NG
La Masa: 6 stands / 4 stands NG
17th Division
Simonetta (Medici): 12 stands / 8 stands LN
Corte: 3 stands / 2 stands LN
Spangaro: 10 stands (3 may skirmish; Genoese skirmishers) / 6 stands (2) LN
Dunne: 5 stands / 3 stands LN
Eberhardt: 7 stands / 5 stands VOL
18th Division
Spinazzi: 3 stands (3 may skirmish) / 2 stands (2) LN
Dezza: 10 stands / 7 stands VOL
Fabrizi: 8 stands / 5 stands VOL
Notes:
The organization above is typical of Garibaldi’s force. The brigades represent those at the Battle of the River Volturno.
Garibaldi’s cavalry consisted of just over 300 men. It has been adjusted here to fit with the game scale. There is only one such unit.
Only one artillery battery may be Whitworth.
Here is an example of how skirmishing affects a unit. Brigade Assanti can put 2 of its 13 stands into skirmish. If this is done the 2 stands are taken from the 13 and increased by 50% (3). There will now be a main body of 11 stands and a skirmish unit of 3 stands. The skirmish stands still count towards effectiveness for the brigade.
Next to each brigade in bold print is an abbreviation telling what type of troops the brigade has: National Guard (NG), Volunteer (VOL), Line (LN). Line troops should be the best armed, followed by the National Guard and then the volunteers.
Piedmontese
Piedmont finally committed its army in late 1860. Two Army Corps were sent to invade the Papal States. Please refer to the 1859 supplement for details on weapons, tactical doctrines, troop quality, and leadership.
There was a change in the cavalry structure. Six new lancer regiments were added to the cavalry organization, giving 17 regiments. Each of these was approximately 400-450 strong.
Piedmontese Army in Italy 1:200 / 1:300
Army HQ: 1 Leader
Army attached: 2 Foot Batteries / 1 or 2 Foot Batteries
4 Infantry Divisions each:
1 Leader
4 Infantry Regiments of 8 stands each / 5 stands each
1 Converged Besaglieri unit of 4(6) stands / 3(4) stands
1 Lancer Regiment of 3 stands / 2 stands
2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
1 Infantry Division:
1 Leader
2 Infantry Regiments of 8 stands each / 5 stands each
2 Converged Besaglieri units of 4(6) stands each / 3(4) stands each
2 Horse Regiments of 3 stands each / 2 stands each
2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
1 Infantry Division:
1 Leader
2 Grenadier Regiments of 8 stands each / 5 stands each
1 Converged Besaglieri unit of 4(6) stands / 3(4) stands
2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
1 Reserve Division:
1 Leader
1 Converged Besaglieri unit of 6(9) stand / 4(6) stands
3 Lancer Regiments of 3 stands each / 2 stands each
2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
Notes:
One of the Infantry Divisions did not have any lancers.
Infantry regimental sizes varied. This is an average.
Besaglieri units have been amalgamated into units for simplicity.
Naples
Weapons: All infantry are armed with rifled muskets and these are classed as MLR. Cavalry carry carbines and may never dismount. Artillery consists mostly of older smoothbore models (SA) and a few 4 and 6 pound rifled pieces (RA). 50% of the guns may be rifled.
Tactical Doctrine: Neapolitan troops followed the French example in tactics. Assault tactics may be used if in attack column. Infantry receive a –1 on the maneuver table when not in column formation. Although Naples had light battalions they were never used as such and were relegated to the role of line troops. Therefore, Neapolitan troops, with the exception of the Tiragliatori, may not skirmish.
Troop Quality: Most troops should be rated as green, while the guards and grenadiers are crack. The Tiragliatori troops should be classed as elite. Gendarmes are levy.
Leadership: Again, leadership is lacking. Fortunately there is an exceptional division commander in Von Meckel. Ruiz should be rated as poor. All others are rated as average.
Organization: The following is a 1:200 / 1:300 scale organization for the later stages of the war and represents the entire Neapolitan army at textbook strength. The units represent Regiments.
1 Guard Division:
1 Leader
2 Grenadier Regiments of 14 stands each / 9 stands each
1 Cacciatori Regiment of 14 stands / 9 stands
1 Tiragliatori Battalion of 6(9) stands / 4(6) stands
2 Hussar Regiments of 4 stands each / 3 stands each
1 or 2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
3 or 4 Infantry Divisions each:
1 Leader
4 Infantry Regiments of 12 stands each / 8 stands each
1 or 2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
4 Cacciatori Divisions each:
1 Leader
4 Cacciatori Battalions of 6 stands each / 4 stands each
1 or 2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
1 or 2 Cavalry Division each:
1 Leader
4 – 7 Cavalry Regiments of 4 stands each / 3 stands each
1 Horse Battery / 0 or 1 Horse Battery
Gendarmes:
18 Infantry stands / 14 stands
5 cavalry stands / 3 stands
Notes:
Neapolitan line cavalry included 3 regiments of Dragoons, 2 Lancers, 1 Chasseur, 1 Carbineer.
Neapolitan infantry included 15 Line Regiments, 16 Cacciatori Battalions, 3 Foreign Carbineer Battalions
The Gendarmes may be used only in emergency. You may organize their stands as you wish.
The number of Divisions is estimated based on the information provided in my source and the Battle of Volturno.
Papal
Weapons: Papal infantry were armed with French model 1822 or 1842 smoothbore muskets (SB). A few infantry units carried the Belgian 1857 rifled musket (MLR). Light infantry carried a mixture of rifled muskets and these are all counted as (MLR).
The few cavalry types were armed with carbines and may not dismount.
Artillery consisted of obsolete smoothbore guns (A) and French made La Hitte 4” rifled guns. In F&FF these count as (RA). No more than 50% of the guns may be rifled.
Tactical Doctrine: The tactical doctrine was influenced by the Austrians. All infantry may use assault tactics when in attack columns. They get a –1 to the maneuver table if they are in line or supported line formation. Light units may use skirmish tactics.
Troop Quality: The majority of the army should be rated as green, while the reserves and Gendarmes are levy. Austrian Jagers, Saint Patrick Battalion, and the Pontificial Zouaves are veteran.
Leadership: The Papal troops were led by ex French officers. None were outstanding and all should be rated as average.
Organization: The following organization is in 1:200 / 1:300 scale and represents the entire Papal army at textbook strength.
“typical” Infantry Division each:
1 Leader
2 Infantry Regiments (see below)
or
4 – 6 Battalions of others (see below)
1 or 2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
Possibly some cavalry (see notes)
Line Regiments
1st, 2nd Native Infantry: 11 stands each / 7 stands each
1st, 2nd Foreign Infantry: 11 stands each / 7 stands each
Sedentary Battalion: 6 stands / 4 stands
Light Battalions
1st, 2nd Native Chasseurs: 6(9) stands each / 4(6) stands each
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th Austrian Jagers: 6 (9) stands each / 4(6) stands each
Foreign Carbineers: 6 stands / 4(6) stands
Saint Patrick: 6 stands / 4(6) stands
Pontificial Zouaves: 3(4) stands / 2(3) stands
Reserve Regiments
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th Reserve Infantry: 4 – 8 stands each / 3 –5 stands each
Cavalry
Dragoons, Light Horse, Foreign volunteers: 4 stands total / 2 stands total
Artillery
9 Foot Batteries: 7 stands / 5 stands
2 Horse Batteries: 1 stand / 1 stand
Gendarmes
Rome Legion: 10 stands / 6 stands
Marche Legion: 10 stands / 6 stands
Foot Gendarmes: 5 stands / 3 stands
Horse Gendarmes: 2 stands / 1 stand
Notes:
Cavalry consisted of about 500 troopers. They have all been amalgamated for simplicity
Reserve Infantry consisted of 10 battalions. I grouped them into five regiments for simplicity
This organization is based off the Battle of Castelfidardo
Gendarmes are only called in if there is an emergency
Bibliography:
My information comes form Red Shirts by Luigi Casali. This is available from Freikorps.
Design notes:
I designed this supplement to fill in the gap after 1859 concerning Italian Unification, and since I already had Piedmontese I figured by adding some Papal and Neapolitan troops I could fight another conflict. I have yet to get my Garibaldi troops painted, but giving all the different uniform varieties amongst Garibaldi’s troops, I am sure it will be colorful. In regards to leadership I had to go by this only source and so my information is an estimate on the ability taking into account what I have read of the engagements.
The largest Battle of the war had no more than 25,000 engaged on each side, so given this I recommend using a 1:200 scale. Feel fee to play in the larger scale if you like.
SUGGESTED CHANGE TO FIRE AND FURIA FRANCESE
My problem? Now this leads me to a concern I have with Fire and Fury and Fire and Furia Francese, or “Eurofury” as I call it. I have always been concerned that cavalry frontage wasn’t represented accurately. In 1:150, 200 or 300 there is simply too many cavalry for a 1” x 1” base. 600 cavalry do not have the same frontage as 600 infantry! The F&F rules say that cavalry bases can be adjusted to a 1 ½” base, and while I see this as a solution to the ACW period, I do not see this as the solution for the European wars. The current rule cuts the affect of the cavalry arm in the European battle.
My reasoning? The origin of Furia Francese comes from a set of ACW rules where cavalry was not used for shock action. This is not true of the European wars and I think this point is missed in the variant. Cavalry tactics were still very Napoleonic in this period of European History.
Solution? I propose this rule fix: Cavalry stand’s strength should be reduced by 1/3. A unit of 600 cavalry would normally be represented by 3 bases in 1:200 scale. The affect of 200 horses is missed on a 1” x 1” stand. Instead this would be adjusted to 133 cavalry at this scale and the unit would be made of 4 stands instead.
What will this do for the game? Well, cavalry will become more effective. It will be able to survive longer, have more stands for outnumbering, and more importantly, a better ability to outflank the enemy. Some may argue that this will also increase the firepower, allowing the 133 troopers to fire like 200 infantry. However, you must remember that I am only proposing this change for the European conflicts where almost all the cavalry remained mounted and performed similarly as their ancestors did in the Napoleonic Wars. There are very few European cavalry types that may dismount in Furia Francese, so this problem should not arise often. If it does occur then have your players make a judgment call.
New cavalry strengths
Scale for Infantry: 1:150 1:200 1:300
Scale for Cavalry: 1:100 1:133 1:200
Thus, this variant has been modified accordingly. If you wish to go back to the old system then multiply all stands by 133 and divide by 200 for the number of stands.
I welcome your feedback. Please send comments to Bbradf3021@aol.com
*I look forward to trying these rules out asap - of course I have to paint my Italian troops (I have some plastic figures for this campaign).
The following is an adaptation of the Fire and Furia Francese variant by Nick Dorrell for the Garibaldi campaign in Italy from 1860-62. You will need a copy of the basic Fire and Fury rule set and Fire and Furia Francese in order to use this variant. F&FF may be found in Wargames Illustrated no. 119.
The organization presented in this variant utilizes my modifications for cavalry sizes. Please see the end of this variant for details on this change.
ARMIES OF THE WAR
Garibaldist
Weapons: Early in the conflict most of Garibaldi’s troops were armed with obsolete smoothbore muskets. However, with the conquests of Garibaldi and military backing by Piedmont, the Garibaldi troops were soon armed with a variety of muzzle loading rifled muskets. These are all classed as MLR. Still, there were some units, particularly the National Guards and Sicilian volunteers, who still carried smoothbore muskets.
What little cavalry there was in the Garibaldi force was armed with pistols and carbines and may not dismount.
There was also very little artillery in the Garibaldi force. What artillery there was consisted of obsolete smoothbore pieces and captured enemy guns. There was, however, one battery of Whitworth guns that was brought by D. Dowling. In F&FF class all guns as smoothbore (SA), while the single Whitworth battery is breechloading (BLA).
Tactical Doctrine: Garibaldi had several battalions of light troops. These troops may use skirmish tactics. Brigades that have skirmishing ability have been noted in the organization below along with how many stands possible in parenthesis. If a brigade sends out skirmishers it will deduct the number shown from the rest of the unit. They still count for their brigade’s effectiveness. In addition, these stands are increased by 50% of the total while skirmishing (units with only a single stand get two).
The rest of the army was influenced by the Piedmont tactical system and receive a +1 for assault tactics in attack column. All Garibaldi troops are impetuous when within command range of Garibaldi.
Troop Quality: The army as a whole should be counted as green, with some volunteers and National Guards being classed as levy and the initial 1,000 red shirts, cavalry, and Genoese Carbineers being classed as veteran.
Leadership: Garibaldi is rated as an exceptional army commander. Medici should be rated as an exceptional division commander. There are a few excellent brigade commanders, such as Rustow and Dunne, with the majority being average. There should be no poor leaders.
Organization: The following organization is for the later stages of the war. Two scales are provided. The first value is for the 1:200 (133 for cavalry) scale and the second is for the 1:300 (200 for cavalry) scale. Due to the smaller numbers involved in this conflict I recommend that a 1:200 scale ratio be used. The units here represent brigades. The cavalry has been amalgamated for simplicity.
Army HQ: 1 Leader (Garibaldi)
4 Infantry Divisions each:
1 Leader
2 – 5 Infantry Brigades (see below)
1 Foot Battery
1 Cavalry unit of 2 stands / 1 or 2 stands (see notes)
Brigades
15th Division
Sacchi: 10 stands / 7 stands LN
Milano: 6 stands (1 may skirmish) / 4 stands (1) LN
Eber: 15 stands (2 may skirmish) / 10 stands (2) LN
Assanti: 13 stands (2 may skirmish) / 9 stands (2) LN
16th Division
Milbitz: 15 stands / 10 stands LN/NG
La Masa: 6 stands / 4 stands NG
17th Division
Simonetta (Medici): 12 stands / 8 stands LN
Corte: 3 stands / 2 stands LN
Spangaro: 10 stands (3 may skirmish; Genoese skirmishers) / 6 stands (2) LN
Dunne: 5 stands / 3 stands LN
Eberhardt: 7 stands / 5 stands VOL
18th Division
Spinazzi: 3 stands (3 may skirmish) / 2 stands (2) LN
Dezza: 10 stands / 7 stands VOL
Fabrizi: 8 stands / 5 stands VOL
Notes:
The organization above is typical of Garibaldi’s force. The brigades represent those at the Battle of the River Volturno.
Garibaldi’s cavalry consisted of just over 300 men. It has been adjusted here to fit with the game scale. There is only one such unit.
Only one artillery battery may be Whitworth.
Here is an example of how skirmishing affects a unit. Brigade Assanti can put 2 of its 13 stands into skirmish. If this is done the 2 stands are taken from the 13 and increased by 50% (3). There will now be a main body of 11 stands and a skirmish unit of 3 stands. The skirmish stands still count towards effectiveness for the brigade.
Next to each brigade in bold print is an abbreviation telling what type of troops the brigade has: National Guard (NG), Volunteer (VOL), Line (LN). Line troops should be the best armed, followed by the National Guard and then the volunteers.
Piedmontese
Piedmont finally committed its army in late 1860. Two Army Corps were sent to invade the Papal States. Please refer to the 1859 supplement for details on weapons, tactical doctrines, troop quality, and leadership.
There was a change in the cavalry structure. Six new lancer regiments were added to the cavalry organization, giving 17 regiments. Each of these was approximately 400-450 strong.
Piedmontese Army in Italy 1:200 / 1:300
Army HQ: 1 Leader
Army attached: 2 Foot Batteries / 1 or 2 Foot Batteries
4 Infantry Divisions each:
1 Leader
4 Infantry Regiments of 8 stands each / 5 stands each
1 Converged Besaglieri unit of 4(6) stands / 3(4) stands
1 Lancer Regiment of 3 stands / 2 stands
2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
1 Infantry Division:
1 Leader
2 Infantry Regiments of 8 stands each / 5 stands each
2 Converged Besaglieri units of 4(6) stands each / 3(4) stands each
2 Horse Regiments of 3 stands each / 2 stands each
2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
1 Infantry Division:
1 Leader
2 Grenadier Regiments of 8 stands each / 5 stands each
1 Converged Besaglieri unit of 4(6) stands / 3(4) stands
2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
1 Reserve Division:
1 Leader
1 Converged Besaglieri unit of 6(9) stand / 4(6) stands
3 Lancer Regiments of 3 stands each / 2 stands each
2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
Notes:
One of the Infantry Divisions did not have any lancers.
Infantry regimental sizes varied. This is an average.
Besaglieri units have been amalgamated into units for simplicity.
Naples
Weapons: All infantry are armed with rifled muskets and these are classed as MLR. Cavalry carry carbines and may never dismount. Artillery consists mostly of older smoothbore models (SA) and a few 4 and 6 pound rifled pieces (RA). 50% of the guns may be rifled.
Tactical Doctrine: Neapolitan troops followed the French example in tactics. Assault tactics may be used if in attack column. Infantry receive a –1 on the maneuver table when not in column formation. Although Naples had light battalions they were never used as such and were relegated to the role of line troops. Therefore, Neapolitan troops, with the exception of the Tiragliatori, may not skirmish.
Troop Quality: Most troops should be rated as green, while the guards and grenadiers are crack. The Tiragliatori troops should be classed as elite. Gendarmes are levy.
Leadership: Again, leadership is lacking. Fortunately there is an exceptional division commander in Von Meckel. Ruiz should be rated as poor. All others are rated as average.
Organization: The following is a 1:200 / 1:300 scale organization for the later stages of the war and represents the entire Neapolitan army at textbook strength. The units represent Regiments.
1 Guard Division:
1 Leader
2 Grenadier Regiments of 14 stands each / 9 stands each
1 Cacciatori Regiment of 14 stands / 9 stands
1 Tiragliatori Battalion of 6(9) stands / 4(6) stands
2 Hussar Regiments of 4 stands each / 3 stands each
1 or 2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
3 or 4 Infantry Divisions each:
1 Leader
4 Infantry Regiments of 12 stands each / 8 stands each
1 or 2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
4 Cacciatori Divisions each:
1 Leader
4 Cacciatori Battalions of 6 stands each / 4 stands each
1 or 2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
1 or 2 Cavalry Division each:
1 Leader
4 – 7 Cavalry Regiments of 4 stands each / 3 stands each
1 Horse Battery / 0 or 1 Horse Battery
Gendarmes:
18 Infantry stands / 14 stands
5 cavalry stands / 3 stands
Notes:
Neapolitan line cavalry included 3 regiments of Dragoons, 2 Lancers, 1 Chasseur, 1 Carbineer.
Neapolitan infantry included 15 Line Regiments, 16 Cacciatori Battalions, 3 Foreign Carbineer Battalions
The Gendarmes may be used only in emergency. You may organize their stands as you wish.
The number of Divisions is estimated based on the information provided in my source and the Battle of Volturno.
Papal
Weapons: Papal infantry were armed with French model 1822 or 1842 smoothbore muskets (SB). A few infantry units carried the Belgian 1857 rifled musket (MLR). Light infantry carried a mixture of rifled muskets and these are all counted as (MLR).
The few cavalry types were armed with carbines and may not dismount.
Artillery consisted of obsolete smoothbore guns (A) and French made La Hitte 4” rifled guns. In F&FF these count as (RA). No more than 50% of the guns may be rifled.
Tactical Doctrine: The tactical doctrine was influenced by the Austrians. All infantry may use assault tactics when in attack columns. They get a –1 to the maneuver table if they are in line or supported line formation. Light units may use skirmish tactics.
Troop Quality: The majority of the army should be rated as green, while the reserves and Gendarmes are levy. Austrian Jagers, Saint Patrick Battalion, and the Pontificial Zouaves are veteran.
Leadership: The Papal troops were led by ex French officers. None were outstanding and all should be rated as average.
Organization: The following organization is in 1:200 / 1:300 scale and represents the entire Papal army at textbook strength.
“typical” Infantry Division each:
1 Leader
2 Infantry Regiments (see below)
or
4 – 6 Battalions of others (see below)
1 or 2 Foot Batteries / 1 Foot Battery
Possibly some cavalry (see notes)
Line Regiments
1st, 2nd Native Infantry: 11 stands each / 7 stands each
1st, 2nd Foreign Infantry: 11 stands each / 7 stands each
Sedentary Battalion: 6 stands / 4 stands
Light Battalions
1st, 2nd Native Chasseurs: 6(9) stands each / 4(6) stands each
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th Austrian Jagers: 6 (9) stands each / 4(6) stands each
Foreign Carbineers: 6 stands / 4(6) stands
Saint Patrick: 6 stands / 4(6) stands
Pontificial Zouaves: 3(4) stands / 2(3) stands
Reserve Regiments
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th Reserve Infantry: 4 – 8 stands each / 3 –5 stands each
Cavalry
Dragoons, Light Horse, Foreign volunteers: 4 stands total / 2 stands total
Artillery
9 Foot Batteries: 7 stands / 5 stands
2 Horse Batteries: 1 stand / 1 stand
Gendarmes
Rome Legion: 10 stands / 6 stands
Marche Legion: 10 stands / 6 stands
Foot Gendarmes: 5 stands / 3 stands
Horse Gendarmes: 2 stands / 1 stand
Notes:
Cavalry consisted of about 500 troopers. They have all been amalgamated for simplicity
Reserve Infantry consisted of 10 battalions. I grouped them into five regiments for simplicity
This organization is based off the Battle of Castelfidardo
Gendarmes are only called in if there is an emergency
Bibliography:
My information comes form Red Shirts by Luigi Casali. This is available from Freikorps.
Design notes:
I designed this supplement to fill in the gap after 1859 concerning Italian Unification, and since I already had Piedmontese I figured by adding some Papal and Neapolitan troops I could fight another conflict. I have yet to get my Garibaldi troops painted, but giving all the different uniform varieties amongst Garibaldi’s troops, I am sure it will be colorful. In regards to leadership I had to go by this only source and so my information is an estimate on the ability taking into account what I have read of the engagements.
The largest Battle of the war had no more than 25,000 engaged on each side, so given this I recommend using a 1:200 scale. Feel fee to play in the larger scale if you like.
SUGGESTED CHANGE TO FIRE AND FURIA FRANCESE
My problem? Now this leads me to a concern I have with Fire and Fury and Fire and Furia Francese, or “Eurofury” as I call it. I have always been concerned that cavalry frontage wasn’t represented accurately. In 1:150, 200 or 300 there is simply too many cavalry for a 1” x 1” base. 600 cavalry do not have the same frontage as 600 infantry! The F&F rules say that cavalry bases can be adjusted to a 1 ½” base, and while I see this as a solution to the ACW period, I do not see this as the solution for the European wars. The current rule cuts the affect of the cavalry arm in the European battle.
My reasoning? The origin of Furia Francese comes from a set of ACW rules where cavalry was not used for shock action. This is not true of the European wars and I think this point is missed in the variant. Cavalry tactics were still very Napoleonic in this period of European History.
Solution? I propose this rule fix: Cavalry stand’s strength should be reduced by 1/3. A unit of 600 cavalry would normally be represented by 3 bases in 1:200 scale. The affect of 200 horses is missed on a 1” x 1” stand. Instead this would be adjusted to 133 cavalry at this scale and the unit would be made of 4 stands instead.
What will this do for the game? Well, cavalry will become more effective. It will be able to survive longer, have more stands for outnumbering, and more importantly, a better ability to outflank the enemy. Some may argue that this will also increase the firepower, allowing the 133 troopers to fire like 200 infantry. However, you must remember that I am only proposing this change for the European conflicts where almost all the cavalry remained mounted and performed similarly as their ancestors did in the Napoleonic Wars. There are very few European cavalry types that may dismount in Furia Francese, so this problem should not arise often. If it does occur then have your players make a judgment call.
New cavalry strengths
Scale for Infantry: 1:150 1:200 1:300
Scale for Cavalry: 1:100 1:133 1:200
Thus, this variant has been modified accordingly. If you wish to go back to the old system then multiply all stands by 133 and divide by 200 for the number of stands.
I welcome your feedback. Please send comments to Bbradf3021@aol.com
*I look forward to trying these rules out asap - of course I have to paint my Italian troops (I have some plastic figures for this campaign).
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